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Cross-addiction is increasingly common, and the counselor must deal with the client’s total drug involvement. To do so effectively, it is necessary to know what those drugs are, how they work, and what they do.
Although the mechanisms by which alcohol destroys cells and damages organs are multiple, complex, and only partly understood, it is believed that alcohol’s ability to penetrate membranes and disrupt membrane phenomena leads to cell death and is one of the most important pathways to somatic damage secondary to alcohol abuse.
Almost every culture has discovered the use of beverage alcohol. Since any sweet fluid will soon ferment when exposed to the yeast spores omnipresent in the air, spontaneous fermentation must have been a common occurrence. One might say that prehistoric peoples discovered alcohol early and often. Apparently, when they tasted the beers and wines produced by serendipity, they liked them. At any rate what was once produced by accident was soon produced intentionally, and the production of alcoholic beverages became one of humanity’s earliest technological achievements.
One reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from a perusal of the literature on alcoholism is that nobody knows what alcoholism is. An equally reasonable conclusion is that everybody knows what alcoholism is, but that they just happen not to agree.
In terms of solid, empirically verified, replicated knowledge, surprisingly little is known about alcoholism. Aside from the physiological evidence and some imprecise demographic findings, there are few hard facts about alcoholism. Some studies strongly suggest that there is a genetic component or predisposition to some forms of alcoholism; there are a handful of replicated empirical psychological findings; there are fewer than half a dozen longitudinal studies; and there is a limited body of known fact about special populations suffering from alcoholism. This chapter takes a look at what is known in each of these areas.